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HUNS

DATELINE

Time

Events

1766 BC

 Eventually recorded Chinese traditions tell of Kia, 17th member of old Chinese Hia dynasty, dethroned due to evil ways. His son Sunni went with 500 members of his Hia nationality to Hun relatives. Hia still has many common words with Altaic languages

1766 BC

Oldest Turkic words are in Chinese annual chronicles noting cultural and political events. Hun (Hsiung-nu) words tanry, kut, byoryu, ordu, tug, kylych etc are oldest monuments of Turkish language. State rulers’ endoethnonym is Hun, Turkic "man, male, people"

1390 BC

First elements of Hun state in highlands of Ordos

1200 BC

First Hun state in highlands of Ordos

800 BC

Sword myths traditions are all early Anatolian, are also found in Hun and Magyar traditions and mentioned by Herodotus amongst early Scythians

685 BC

685 - 643 BC Rule in Tsi of Huan - hun

679 BC

679 BC Huan - hun organizes a congress of rulers inTsi, taking that right from Chjou

659 BC

659 - 621 Rule of Mu-hun in Tsin

500 BC

Persepolis inscription text is "Darius Hystapes (522-486) rex popularum bonorum posui. Hi adorationem igni mihi attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria, Guthrata, Armenia, Cappadocia, Sapardia [Sabir], Hunae [European, Caucasian ?]."

450 BC

 Herodotus World Map (ca. 450 B.C.) shows Agathirsi (Agach-ir=Türk. forest+people), Scythians and Massagets, Malanchleni, Neuri, Budini and Geloni, Thissagets and Jurcae

450 BC

Herodotus (IV, 105) reports about wolf cult at Neuri (Nevrs) along Hypanis and W. of Borisphen to Tyras together with Budins. Later wolf was on gold bukle fr Niconia by Dniester

318 BC

First historical document connected with Huns is Chinese-Hun treaty signed in 318 BC

300 BC

In Chinese sources Alans are one of four Hunnish tribes (Xu-la, Lan, Hiu-bu, Siu-lin) most favored by kings of Eastern Huns (Mao-dun/Mete and his son Ki-ok/Kök) of 3rd century B.C.(ToOD 146). ( Turk. alan ‘field’, akin to 'fieldman', 'polyane', 'polovets')

300 BC

Earliest occurrence of Parthian name in form of Aparnoi or Parnoi in Turan. According to Armenian historians who served Armenian dynasty of Parthian origin, Parthian Arsac who founded dynasty was of white Hun (Ephtalite) origin

246 BC

Cheng (246-?) of T'sin dynasty, in twenty-sixth year of his reign assumed title of Shi Hwang-ti (first universal emperor), from then on, Chaina sovereign called Wang. Cheng consolidated 4 feudal states into China, and divided empire into thirty-six kiun

246 BC

Cheng (246-?) of T'sin dynasty built great wall of China (Wan-li-ch'ang-ch'eng, or wall ten thousand lis long), which extends from Chi-li to Kan-su, to stop incursions of Huns (Hiung-nu)

290 BC

Hun state consists of 24 clans, some of them: Kuyan (Jack rabbit) Lan (Orchard) Suybu (West Tribe) Suylyanti Tsulin Taychi Uyti Tsetszuy…

290 BC

Hun state leader is titled Great Shanyuy - "Chenli gydu shanyuy" - "Son of endless sky" Succession is from father to eldest son

230 BC

Touman (Tumen, 240 - 210 BC), of clan Suylyanti with a bull totem establishes Hunnic Empire

214 BC

Chinese ruler Si Huang Ti (259-210 BC) builds Great Chinese Wall against attacks of Huns

209 BC

Touman died (Tumen, 240 - 209 BC), accession to throne of Maotun (Batur, 210 - 174 BC), founder of Hun Empire. Expansion of Hun Empire

204 BC

HUN EMPIRE
204 B.C - 216 A.D
Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
Founder - Mete (Bagatir, Maotun, Batur)

200 BC

Emergence of Huns on western borders of China

177 BC

Mete Khan (Maotun) letter to Chinese government describes that 26 nations are in Turkish sate and all of them became "nations stretching bow-string", or Huns

174 BC

Kok-khan (174-161 BC), Huns attack Tocharians (Yüeh-chih), driving them from Gansu

174 BC

Nomadic Yu-chi, a powerful force west of China, attacked and defeated by Huns and driven west, into Sogdia (K'ang-chu), from where they invade Bactria (Ta-hsia). Strabo 11.8.2 names them Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli

150 BC

Rise of Hun Empire's puts pressure on territory of Iran dislodging many Scythian nations who were pushed west, including Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar

141 BC

141-128 BC Tochars (Yüeh-chih), fleeing from Huns, overrun Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan

121 BC

Chinese, under General Ho Chu-ping, defeat Huns

60 BC

Hou Han Shu 96A.10b: Huns defeated Great Yüeh-chih, who went west, became rulers of Baktria, and Sai king (wang) went southwards and became ruler(s) of Chi-pin, forming several kingdoms (Asses dynasties?) NW of Kashgar (Su-le): Hsiu-hsiin and Yilan-tu

56 BC

First split of Hun Empire into Western and Eastern branches Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) (56 - 36 BC)

50 BC

Dionisios Periegetos: Already in 1-st century BC, (European, Caucasian ?) Huns dominate over all Caspian lands

48 BC

WESTERN HUN EMPIRE
48 BC - 216 A.D
Founder – Panu
Area - area over present Central Asia

60

After Jazyges left Pontic steppes, Rhoxolans' possessions began to border Lower Danube and Roman Moesia. During Nero time (69 AD.) they invaded Moesia

93

Western (Nothern) Huns suffer a major defeat from Mongols (Hsien-pi) and start westward migration (93-c.380)

100

Roxolans (Türk. Uraksy Alans, i.e. ‘Alans-farmers’) pushed Romans on the Lower Danube in 2-nd and in 3-rd c. In the 2-nd c. AD. Rhoxolan nomads expanded their domination over local nomadic and settled tribes to the west, down to Lower Danube and Carpathians

124

Dionysius Periegetes (the guide) Orbis terrae descriptio map showing (European, Caucasian ?) Huns (Unni), Caspii, Massagets (on opposite bank of Itil from Huns), Sacii, Alani, Scyths, Hyrcanii, Sarmats, Taurii

124

Dionisus Periegetes (end of 1st - beginning of 2nd c.) maps and talks that on Northwestern side of Caspian sea live Scythians, Uns, Caspians, Albanians, and Kaduses, of Huns living next to Caspian Sea Sak (Gr. Sacae)=Turkco-Persian saka=water carrier

128

Ticitus: Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD) pays Roxolans annual tribute and allows their transit by Roman roads through Dacia with Iazyges, who lived along Tissa

139

(European) Huns living next to Dnieper in Eastern Europe. Ptolemaus Claudius geographer, B.3 Ch.5 calls them Khuni (Chuni) and Suni. (Khuni is clan/national designation while Suni is probably from Senyu, their ruler)

139

Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia ‘below Agathyrsi (Akatsirs, Türk. agach ers ‘forest people’) live Savari (Türkic Suvars), between Basternae and Rhoxolani  live (European) Huns

139

Ptolemy lists Roxolans east from Alans-Scythians, i.e. between Lower Dniepr and Don, in steppes beyond Don, 

150

Burial rite of Scythians and Huns is strikingly uniform: same barrows, burial frames of logs and thick timbers, burial blocks, sacrificial horses etc. Relics of Hun burials are well known in whole space of former Scythian territory: on coast of Black Sea, along Danube (so called Scythia Minor), in Northern Caucasus and other areas

155

End of Huns as a major power in inner Asia

216

End of HUN EMPIRE
204 B.C - 216 A.D
Area - At north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2)
Founder - Mete (Bagatir)

216

End of WESTERN HUN EMPIRE
48 - 216 A.D
Founder – Panu
Area - area over present Central Asia

216

Western Hun Empire separates into 5 successor states (215-290)

Tele (Gaogyuys)

260

In 60's of 3-rd century, Caucasian Huns served in Persian army of Sasanid Shapur I (241-272)

266

Unification of China. Hun rebellion is suppressed

275

EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE 275 – 454
A.D Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars
Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N.Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area - 4,000,000 Km2)

290

In 90's of 3-rd century, Armenian sources write about Hun wars in Trans-Caucasus (N.Caucasus)

300

Tele left early Huns Horde, keeping patriarchal relations and nomadic life. They were not Sinadized. They move on steppes on carts with high wheels

300

In Chinese annals Gaogyuys – Tele are listed as branch of Huns

300

Genealogy: Gaogüys =>Tele =>15 tribes =>
1 Uange (Uygurs)
2 Seyanto (Sir + Yanto)
3 Kibi
4 Dubo (Tubalar)(Dabo)(Tele)
5 Guligan (Kurykan)(Yakut)
6 Dolange (Telengits)
7 Bugu (Pugu)(Uygurs)
8 Bayegu (Baiyrku)(Uygurs)
9 Tunlo (Tongra)(Uygurs)
10 Hun
11 Sygye (Uygurs)
12 Husye
13 Higye
14 Adye(Eduz)
15 Baysi (Barsil)

300

Sirs and Türks live at Ordos

304

Huns and Syanbinians conquered from China Han Empire northern part and established a sequence of kingdoms. Predominantly Chinese population was led by Hun’s Toba tribe.

309

Hun's raid eased by rebellion of (Chinese) people against officials

309

Intrigues of Emperor Huai-di against Sym Yuy. Chinese aliance with Tabgach Khan Ilu against Huns

310

Hun-Maskuts (Gr. Massagets), together with Sakas, led by king of Massagetae Sanesan invade Armenia in beg. of 4 century (336?) (Tr. Sen-esen=you+storming (man))

311

Defeat of Sym Yuy. Fall of Loyan, Huns take Chanan

312

Chinese displace Huns from Chanan

312

Small Syanbinian tribe with Khans from Muyun family moved from southern Manjuria to west and settled in proximity of lake Kukunor. They fought Tibetans successfully and Tobases unsuccessfully

312

Syanbinian tribe with Muyun Khans were organized into kingdom Togon and became vassals of Empire Wey

320

Muyun Khoy becomes Great Shanuy

321

Tsu Ti dies, and Chinese advance against Huns stopped

325

China loses lands north of river Huai

334

First mention of Bulgars, they live in basin of Tanais and Cuban

 

336

Türkic names of European Hun rulers
Karaton (kadadon= dress)
Mundjuk, Attila's father (bondjus = bead, tirquose)
Attila (Itil= birthplace, or Ata-il = father of country)
Illek, Attila's son (Il-Ek = country fortress)
Dengizik, Attila's son (Den(g)iz = Sea)
Irnek, Attila's son (=young soldier)
Aibars, Attila's uncle (= bars, lion)
Oktar, Attila's uncle (= )
Ary Kan (aryg-kan = beautiful quinn)
Basyk
Kursyk
Atakam
Eshkam

336

Türkic names of Hun rulers (cont'd)
Nation
Agacheri (Forrest people)
Shar (sary - ak, = yellow - white)
Ogur (Ok-gur = ten federates)
Potential link of ruling family with Asian Tankhu (king)

337

 Hun's avant-garde reached Tanais, displaced Ostgoths, who displaced Visigoths and Sarmats into Roman territory. Death of Constantine the Great leads to formal division into Western and Eastern Roman Empires

338

Tele tribes subjugated by Tobases Khan. They live west of Ordos

350

Ügülüy from Syanbinian cavalry organizes a band and joints neighboring nomads

350

Tele are living of animal husbandry, in a weak confederation of tribes, fighting for their independence

354

Earliest known European record about Bulgarians is "Anonymous chronograph", a list of tribes and peoples in Latin. He mentiones a certain 'Ziezi ex quo Vulgares'

360

Huns cross Volga and attacked Alans. Part of Alans retreat to N. Caucasus, part is absorbed in Huns Horde, part retreat to N. Donets. Most likely, after conquest a part of Bulgars joins Huns, and a part remains

363

In 363, Armenian, Roman and Persian authors write about necessity of fortifying Caucasian passages, especially Derbent passage, against Hun hordes, making repeated raids and campaigns against Persians , Armenians and peoples of Middle East

364

Goth's invasion of Thrace

370

Huns defeat Goths (Germans)

370

Romans hired Hunnic warriors as auxiliary troops and paid them a yearly tribute, partly for services rendered and partly as a bribe to keep them from raiding provinces

370

Huns were a genetic hybrid between Mongoloid, Altaic (Siberian), and Central Asian Türkic stocks. Typical Hunno-Bulgars probably had a squarish face, high cheekbones, and slanting eyes.
Term 'Bulgar' comes from Türkic 'bulgha' = 'to mix'. These nomadic horsemen groups were mainly composed of As - Ossetians, Eastern Antes - Iranian-Slavic blend, Khazars - a mixed Türkic group, and a people known as Sarmatians, an Iranian group.

370

Huns defeat Ostrogoths. Death of Germanarix. Vinitari (Vitimir?) becomes new Ostrogothic king. Ostrogoths retire to Lower Dniepr. Geruls and Burgundians part of Ostrogoths

370

370-376 War between Alans and Goths.

370

Huns control N. Pontic, Tanais and N. Caspian steppes. Living there Alans join Huns

370

Guylüchoy, successor to Ügülüy, organized a horde, move along all Khalka to Khingan, subordinated to Tobas Khans, paid tribute in horses, sable and martens.

370

Guylüchoy life and organization are primitive and organized by regiments of 1000 men. No changes for 200 years. All efforts went to rob neighbors.

370

2 migrations of Bulgarians from Caucasus to Armenia. 1st during Armenian ruler Vaharshak, immigrants of Vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, lands named Vanand.

370

Because of expansion of Huns in E European steppes , disturbances ... in land of Bulgars, many of whom migrated and settled south of Kokh, 2nd migration during Armenian ruler Arshak

372

After crushing, or compelling alliance of, various nations Alpilzuri, Alcidzuri, Himari, Tuncarsi, Boisci, Huns reached Alani, Don Alans crushed by Huns. Part of Alans joins Huns in advance to Europe

374

Retreating to Dnieper Ostrogoths fight with Ants living there. After a number of battles and defeats, Ostrogoths captured Antian King Boz (Bus, Bog?) and executed him

375

Jordanes, XLVIII, 249. Battle between Alans under Balamber and Ostrogoths at river Erac (present Tiligul). After death of Vitimir, young Vidirix bacame a King. Alatey and Safrac ruled under his name. Ostrogoths retreated to Dniestr.

375

Ammianus Marcellinus: After his (Hermanaric) departure, Vitimir was made a King, and resisted Halans for some time… But after many defeats he suffered, he was subdued by arms and died in battle

376

Huns captured Atilkuzu (Bessarabia). Alans remained in Dacia. Vestgoths and Ostrogoths, defeated by Huns and Alans, retreated to Danube

376

Vestgoths and Ostrogoths Goths fled from Huns, asked help from Emperor Valens, who allowed them cross Danube to guard borders, and entered Roman Empire. Poor control of crossing, extractions by officials caused rebellion. Rome faced Gothic invasion.

376

Goths who crossed Danube became Visigoths, and Goths who remained behind and became subjects of Huns were designated Ostrogoths. Ostrogoths who cross Danube joined Vestgoths. Entire Alaric's Visigothic population is estimated to be around 100,000 people

377

Hunnish-Bolgarian association during period of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Attilla's combat power consists mostly from mounted Bolgarian troops. Attila' dynasty is continued for Bolgars.

377

A detachment of Huns crossed Kerch straight from Caucasus, displaced Goths in Crimea to center of peninsula, and went to join main army in Dniestr estuary

378

At a victory celebration Bulümar (360??---378) dies, his son Alyp-bi becomes Khan of Huns (378-390)

378

Oldest son of Hun's Bulyumar (Balamber) Alyp-bi defeats Sadumians (Scandinavians), crossed Danube and with Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Alans defeats 80K Byzantium army at Andrianopol.

378

Valens acted alone and engaged a massive Gothic force of estimated 200,000 warriors near Adrianople. Result was a catastrophe, Valens army was completely annihilated, he perished (9 August AD 378). His body was never found

380

Western (Northern) Huns in westward migration (93-c.380) take possession of lower Don river valley and north of Sea of Azov.

380

New Roman Emperor Theodosius settles Gothic problem diplomatically. Goths become federates, and Alans move north.

380

380-395 Alans clear Dacia and Atilkuzu from Vestgoths, Taifals, Gepids, Burgunds and other peoples. Huns went to Pontic steppes.

386

Creation of Tabgach-Northern Wey Empire

390

Tele move north, to Djungaria, and spread in West Mongolia to Selenga.

390

Alyp-bi (378-390) dies, is buried on Kuyantau mountain (current Kiev) under Baltavar stone with ? sign. His son Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) becomes Khan of Huns (390-434).

395

Hun campaign in Cis-Caucasus and even raid Syria. Alans, Ostrogoths and Geruls, retreated earlier to Cis-Caucasus, subordinate to Huns

395

Rebellion of Alarics and Visigoths

400

In Danube area, evidently, arrived Huns. They killed Byzantian federate Gain, expelled by rebels from Constantinople.

400

Syanbian language, ancient Mongolian, becomes inter-tribe language for Türk's allied tribes. "Türk" = "strong", "powerful".

400

Alans and Bulgars live between Itil and Don

400

In Danube area, evidently, arrived Huns. They killed Byzantian federate Gain, expelled by rebels from Constantinople.

400

Arab and Persian authors mention town Varachan (Belenjer), capital of Hun state, in Sulak valley near Upper Chir-Ürt in Daghestan. Later authors refer to Balanjar as native land of Khazars.

400

Ancestors of Khazars among Huns called selves Basils (Bas, head; il/el, people--ruling people)

402

Ruler of Western Roman Empire Stilihon allied with Huns and Alans, who help Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes.

405

New help by Huns and Alans to Stilihon to fight off attack of German tribes (Suewes)

405

Alans join Vandals in invasion to Gallia (modern France).

406

Radagais leads Vandals, Suebis, Kuads, Burgonds, Saksons, Almants, is cuptured at Fiesol by Huns under Ulduz (Khagan?) (?-410?), supposedly, ruler of right, eastern wing of Hunish army), allied with Romans, and executed (Aug 406). Vandals cross Rein, retreat to Gaul

409

Alans and Vandals moving from Gaul to Spain.

410

Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday unlimitedly controlled steppes from Khingan to Altai. Tele were subjugated. Central Asian Huns, after winning battle at river Ili, recognized suzerainty of Syanbinian Jujans and bought peace by submissiveness.

410

Syanbinian Jujan Khan Shelun Deuday died (?-410), his brother Khulüy (410-414) becomes Khan.

410

Huns attack Roman Empire and sack Rome. Huns introduce pants to Roman Empire, which replace traditional togas.

410

After death of Khagan Uldiz (?-410?) Charaton (410-422?) becomes Khagan of Huns. In 412 Charaton receives Byzantian ambassador Olimpiodors. Charaton rules mostly eastern part of empire. No information till 422.

412

Byzantian embassy to Huns in Pontic area

414

Syanbinian Jujan Khan Khulüy (410-414) died, his cousin Datan (414-?) becomes Khan

418

Syanbinian Jujanes penetrated Tarbagatay area

420

Toba tribe unites Northern China into a kingdom known under Chinese name of Empire Wey

420

Huns settle in middle Danube. Rulers were Yabgu Roila (Rugila), Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) and Khagan Oktar

420

WHITE HUN (EPHTALITE) EMPIRE
420 - 552 A.D
Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur)
Area - Half of Northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan, Eastern Turkestan but also significant parts of Central Asia (Tokharistan, Chaganian, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kesh, Ferghana, Chach (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km2)

420

Ephtalites were divided into White Chions and Red Chions

424

Jujan Khan Datan (?-424) with 60K cavalry invades Empire Wey. In 425 Tobases of Empire Wey expel them to behind Gobi

430

Major campaign by Tabgach Empire Wey army, under Emperor Tay-u-di (Toba Dao) disperses Syanbinian Jujanes. Datan disappears, leadership taken by his son Udi (430-445). Udi agrees to pay tribute to Empire Wey

430

Huns reach Rein. Yabgu Roila (Ruga) keeps friendly relations with Rome, lending troops to suppress Bagauds in Gaul

432

After Oktar, Ruga (432-437) becomes Hun Khagan

434

Akatzirs are subjects to Huns under Hunnish Khagan Ruga

434

Aybat (Eur. Mundzuk) (390-434) dies. His son Bleda, becomes Kagan and ruler of E. Huns (Ak Bulgar) (434-445). His son Attila becomes Yabgu of W. Huns (Kara Bulgar) (434-445).

434

Roman bishop of Margus crossed Danube and robbed royal Hun graves, stealing their burial treasures. War broke out

434

Possibly during Byzantine campain Ruga (Rua, Roila, Rugila) dies (?-434), Atilla and his brother Bleda are elected, his nephew Attila becomes ruler of left (western) wing of empire

434

Attila forces Eastern Roman Empire to recognize the superiority of Huns. Constantinople gives many concessions in treaty of Margus: Hun merchants’ rights, military alliance conducts, the return of Hun fugitives, and increases tribute to 700 pounds of gold to be paid each year

437

Syanbinian Jujanes under Udi resume attacks on Empire Wey. In 439 Empire Wey counterattacks, without decisive battle. In 440 Udi attacks border and flees. Then again in 445.

439

In 439 Tobases had victory over Huns and joined Chesi to Wey Empire, Khan Ashina with 500 families fled to Syanbinian Jujanes and settled south of Altai mountains and produce iron for Syanbinian Jujanes.

439

Huns stand in Dunkhuan and battle against Shanshan

439

An horde of warlike Syanbinians retreated to Tibet from Khesi. Coming to a rich, but disunited country, Syanbinian leader attracted Kyans, i.e. occupied a dominating position between ever-hostile tribes.

439

In Tibet, descendants of Syanbinian leader had title Tsenpo, meaning in between King and Head of Government, supported by Syanbinians who are the only real force in country.

439

Huns stand in Dunkhuan and battle against Shanshan

440

 Atilla has a full control in N. Caucasus. Treaty with Persian Shakh Yazdagar

440

 Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as Avars) move south from Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khorasan, and eastern Persia

441

 Huns are again on Danube border, took Singidun (Belgrad)

442

 Ultimatum by Atilla to Theodosius II, who rejects it

442

 442-447 Huns powerfully invades Byzantium. Destruction of 70 cities in Illiria and Thrace, capture and inclusion of vast territory in Hunnish state

443

 Peace between Theodosius II and Atilla. By peace of Anatolius (the mediator of the treaty negotiation) Romans were to pay 6,000 pounds of gold immediately, and yearly tribute set at 2,100 pounds of gold, and immediate release of Hun fugitives

444

 Atilla, Kara Bulgar Yabgu, becomes Hun Kagan (445-453) upon death of Kagan Bled (434-445), the highest ruler from Caucasus to Danube. Per Priscus, Bleda had honor burial and three-day giant feast attended by all nobles in Kaganate

445

 Syanbinian Jujan Khan Udi (430-445) died, his son Tukhechjen becomes Khan. Empire Wey undertakes punishment raids into steppes against Syanbinian Jujanes

447

 2-nd peace of Anatolius between Byzantiun and Huns. Big tribute to Huns. Hun commander Edeco assented to assassinate Atilla for 50 pounds of gold

448

 Byzantian embassy to Atilla, described by Priscus. Byzantian attempt to organize Atilla's murder

448

 Akatzirs are reported by Priscus living near Black Sea and subjects to Huns. Attila (7) (437-453) installs Karidach (Kuridach) as Akatzirs Khan

450

 In written sources, Huns are identified with Scythians and Cimmerians, and specifically with "Royal Scythians". Scythian ethnonym "As-kishi", or its stem "as" is retained in written sources, especially old Georgian documents, in Huns' name as "ovs", "os"

450

 Hunnish society attained progress thanks to contact with Roman civilization. In Attila's court, in dwelling place of Onegesios, bath constructed by prisoner from Sirmium are only some examples

450

 Priscus: "because Scythians are mixed and besides their own language, they try to speak language of Huns, or Goths or Ausoni, when some of them have to do with Romans"

450

 Per Priscus, Sabirs conquered lands of Onogurs, Saragurs and Ugors in steppes around north-western Caspian coast

450

 Death of Theodosius II Flavy on a hunt (10.4.401). Markian, a son of a plain soldier, becomes Emperor, formally as a husband of Pulheria. 450 Markian refuses to pay tribute to Huns

450

 Huns were called Os in V century, during their raids in Georgia in time of king Vakhtang. Word "ovs" of Georgian sources is actually a slightly deformed name of a Turk tribe "As"

451

 Attila heads great army, size of Hunnic army has been variously estimated at between 300,000 and 700,000, crossed Rhine and swept across Europe looting, pillaging, and burning. Aetius battles Attila at Battle of Chalons on Catalaunian Plains

451

 451.06.15 "Battle of Peoples" at Catalaun ravine near present Trua. On Atilla's side are Huns, Geruls, and part of Franks, on Aecius side Roman legions recruited from Gaul and Germany, Vestgoths, Burgunds, Franks, Armorician Alans headed by Sanhiban. No definite result.

451

 Jordanes: In a direct fight battled strongest troops on both sides, without surprise attacks. Mighty tribes were killed, 165K on each side, plus 15K Gepids and Franks who fought at night, killing each other, Franks on Roman side, Gepids on Hun's side

451

 Atilla prepares a campain in Italy

452

 Italian campain of Atilla, ending with peace. In spite of large conquests, Atilla agreed to peace because of epidemy in his army.

453

 Atilla (434-453) weds young German Ildico. Next morning he is found dead. End of Hunnish hegemony in Central Europe. Atilla is given state funerals. Ellak becomes Hun Kagan (453-454)

453

 Vestgoths, headed by Torismud, son of killed in Catalaunian Plains Theodorix, defeat Huns and expell them from their territory.

453

 Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak in battle at Nedao.

453

 Gepids under Ardaric battle Huns under Kagan Ellak. Tingiz (Dengizik/Diggiz) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) retreat to a military camp and defend for 2 years. Negotiations allow Tingiz and Bel-Kermek leave with Bulgars, remaining defenders are surrendered to Ardaric.

453

 To Ellak, eldest of brothers, given Sabir ulus, to 2-nd son Tengiz given Kutrigur ulus, to Bel-Kermek, 3-rd son, given Utigur ulus

453

 454-565 Gepids control Pannonia. Gepidian reign is established in Dacia (current day Transylvania)

454

 Several Hunno-Bulgar uluses outside of three main Hunnic hordes joined with Byzantines with obligation of military services, and were given land to settle as protectors against their northern cousins

454

 Coalition of Germanic clans defeats and kills Ellak (453-454) in battle. Sabirs without Ellak retreat to East, through Pontic Steppes, to Daghestan. Kutriguri and Utiguri under Bel-Kermek (Hernach), fell back to 'Ugol' place that corresponds to Bessarabia

454

 454 - 455 Rebelion in Hun's state. German tribes of Gepids, Rugs, Geruls rebelled. Battle at Nedao (Nedava, tributary of Sava). The coalition was composed of the Gepids, Scires, Suaves, Ruges, Herules and Ostrogoths

454

 Jordanes: You could see Goth with lances, Gepids with mad with sword, Rug breaking spears in his wounds, and Svev bravely acting with bat, and Hun with arrow, Alan with heavy, Gerule with light weapons.

454

 Atilla's son Ellak tried suppress rebelion, was defeated and died in battle. Remains of Ellak's army retreated east of Carpathians. Two other sons Dengizik (454-455) and Ernak remained in Dacia and Bessarabia. Alans led by ruler Kandak were forced to go to Dobrudja

454

 Ostrogoths take part on losing side in battle at Nedao where Gepids under Ardaric crush last Hun coalition. Ostrogoths become sovereign and settle in Pannonia

454

 End of EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE
275 - 454 A.D
Founder - brothers Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars
Area - S Russia, Romania, N Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, S& C Germany. From E France to Urals; from N Hungary to Byzantine Empire (Area -4,000,000 Km2)

455

 Tingiz and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) (455-465) lead Bulgars, on way from Pannonia to estuary of Buri-chai (Dnieper) are attacked by Gallidjians (Scandinavians). Tingiz is killed. Bel-Kermek raises red flag of Asses and breaks through to lower Dnieper.

455

 Bel-Kermek, 3rd son of Atilla, leads Bulgars to settle between Crimea and estuary of Buri-chai (Dnieper), and proclaims a beylik of Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltavar (Lord of Beys).

455

 Bel-Kermek with Hun's Sadagariem and other tribes remain in Dobrudja (Little Scythia) and Lower Moesia. Later known as Sacromontizies and Fossatizies.

455

 Two other Attilla's sons, Emnetzur and Ultzindur lead from Crimea tribes of Ultzindzur and Ultzindgur to Byzantium on right bank of Danube

455

 Jews from Armenia and Persia begin immigration to North Caucasus

455

 Hephthalites conquer Kushans and invade India

460

 Bulgar tribes of Ultinzur, Bittugur and Bardor flock to Altynoba, with Bel-Kermek as Baltabar (Lord of Beys). Huns adopt name Bulgar, Bulgars adopt Hun's language.

463

 Ogur Türkic tribes, including Onogurs (Onoghur = 10 Ogur Confederation), Saragurs (White Türks) and Uturgurs (Utigurs) (Uturgur = 30 Ogur Confederation) cross Itil and enter Europe.

463

 Priscus Rhetor: In 463 Byzantium was visited by an embassy of Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs, who, dislodged by Avars drive to west, conquered conquered lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium

463

 Destunis G.C.: Saragurs, Urogs and Onogurs sent embassy to Byzantine. They said that they were expelled by Savirs, who fled Avars, who fled from people living on shores of ocean. Saragurs subjugated Akacirs and want to become Roman federates

463

 Gumilev suggests that after fall of Hun's Empire Bulgars take a lead and decimated Akacirs, finishing fall of Hun's Empire

465

 Bulgars led by Bel-Kermek control lands of Akacirs and asked for a union with Byzantium

465

 Altynoba's Bel-Kermek (455-465) dies, his older son Djurash Masgut becomes Altynoba Baltavar (465-505).

465

 Agaçeris crossed Caucasus and invaded Media. Agaçeris are included in Five Ogur confederation which also included Karluk, Kangly, Kalaç and Kipchak nations

468

 Tengiz (Dengizik) and Bel-Kermek (Hernach) sent ultimatum to Byzantium, when it is rejected, Dengizik invades Thrace, but is defeated under command of Byzantine’s Anagast and Aspar. Dengizik dies in battle.

468

 Bulgar Kutigurs fight Byzantine (468-469). Byzantine’s Anagast procured Khan Dengizik's head after he was killed and sent it to Constantinople where it was displayed atop of a spear. Kutrigurs never forgot Utigur Hernach's refusal of help.

468

 468 - 469 Danube war between Huns and Byzantium. Bel-Kermek (Hernach) after Dengizik death leads army. Byzantium beats off invasion with difficulty. Byzantium mercenary army consists of Slavs and Alans commanded by Aspar, whose father was Alan.

468

 Vernadsky G.V.:"in some respect Danube war of 468 - 469 was a war of Alans and Ants against their former masters, Huns." After Byzantian victory Huns left Dacia and Bessarabia. These provinces opened for Slavic colonization.

469

 Western Hunnish clans retreated. Utigurs to Azov-Taman SE of Sea of Azov. Kutrigurs to between Dnieper and Don Rivers, NW from Sea of Azov Utigurs. Sabirs in Daghestan SE of other two Hunnic hordes, between Daryal Gorge and Kuma River on Caspian Sea.

469

 469 - 488 movement of Bel-Kermek army back to Meotian-Taman region. They call themselves descendents of Hernach and are known as Utigurs (Kulakovsky "Alans")

469

 Remnants of Tengiz (Dengizik) horde follow Utigurs to Dniepr and settle between Dniepr and Meotian Sea. They were called Kutigurs.

481

 Ioanes Antiochenus: First written agreement of Byzantium emperor Zeno (474-475,476-491) with Bulgars' Djurash Masgut (465-505), allying them in war against Ostrogoths Goths of Theodoric (493-526), son of Triarius [Must be 475]

486

 Bulgars fight again against Goths as allies of Byzantium

488

 Bulgars settle in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia after expelling Theodoric Ostrogoths (488).

488

 Khazarian khalifa begins rule over Georgia and Abania in S. Caucasus

488

 Bulgars fought again against Goths as allies of Gepids.

488

 Bulgarians had been regarded as a brave and invincible in war people

488

 Chersonesus ruler decided to restore walls and towers damaged by earthquake, scared of Kutugur's raids

492

 Kutigur Bulgars invade Thrace, defeat Byzantine army and kill their leader Julian.

493

 493-499 Altynoba's Djurash Masgut Kutigur Huns start raiding Thrace, possibly with Slavs. They took advantage of a civil war in Byzantium.

498

 Altynoba's Djurash Masgut in winter 498-499 annihilate Byzantium Illyrium army and extends to left bank of Danube. Altynoba subordinates to Avar overlordship.

498

 Nestorians accompany Shah Kavad I to Turkestan and evangelize the Hephthalite Huns, north of the Oxus River

500

 Earliest settlement on site of city of Bolgary dates to about AD 500