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Vocabulary Nouns Are words employed to describe objects, or with the intention of distinguishing between one and another. Words can be divided into two classes: 1. Nouns Noun-origin words: Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, particles, conjunctions, exclamations. Noun-content words refer to things, sensations, feelings and facts. They can be concrete or abstract. Book, water, happiness, beautiful etc. Dictionary A work in which all the words in a language, or which have been used at a particular time, are set out alphabetically, defined and their equivalents in other labguages given. Slang The metaphorical use of a word by restricted social groups. For instance, ‘rubbing out’ can be used in the sense of ‘killing.’ Onomatopeia Words created from sounds in nature. A. Words produced from sounds made by objects:
Bang, splash ... Names of days, weeks and months Although everyone knows the days of the week by their ‘official’ names, days also have particular names in different regions and towns. For instance, in the Çal district of Denizli Perşembe (Thursday) is known as Cuma akşamı (Friday evening), Pazar (Sunday) as Gireği, and Çarşamba (Wednesday) as Işıklı. The different names for the days in that district come from the places where markets, important commercial centres, were set up. Another example of days of the week from Dişkaya Village in Uşak; Pazar (Sunday): Girey In societies that survive by farming and agriculture, the calendar is organised according to the seasons and divisions within each season when the same climatic conditions are met each year. In fact, popular calendars in such societies are little different from solar ones, and are based on the same principle. However, variations are seen in the names of the months and their subdivisions, stemming from a number of factors. In the Çal district of Denizli, for instance, each season consists of two months, or eight a year. Spring: Summer: Autumn: Winter: In Giresun the months have different names: Zemheri (January, Ocak in Turkish), Gücük (Şubat), Mart (Mart), Abrul (Nisan), Mayıs (Mayıs), Kiraz (Haziran), Orak (Temmuz), Ağustos (Ağustos), Hac Ayı (Eylül), Avara (Ekim), Koç Ayı (Kasım), and Karakış (Aralık). In most popular calendars, the word Karakış, generally employed for a winter month or part thereof, has the negative meaning of ‘black face.’ This recalls the period when a farmer cannot work and experiences his most difficult times. The period known as Avara refers to the time when the harvest is in and the farmer has no more work. In many local calendars, February is known as Gücük (irritating) as it has fewer days than the other months. Since October is a time for livestock and fruit productions, local names have come to reflect this: Koç Ayı (Ram Month), Kiraz Ayı (Cherry Month) etc. In Anatolian calandars, there are other references to breeding apart from rams for particular times of the year, such as Kuzu ayı (Lamb Month) for March in Kars. It should not be thought that these coincide with the same months or periods in the official calendar. The most widespread rule in the division of the year into seasons is: The division of the year into Kasım and Hıdırellez. Kasım begins at the start of the official month of the same name, but lasts until 6 May. Hıdırellez starts on 6 May and lasts until November. In eastern regions of Anatolia, and especially among Alawite communities, the new year is considered to begin on Nevruz, or March 22. That date has been considered as the beginning of Spring, or the new year, in many cultures. In eastern Anatolian tradition, one meets the belief that Nevruz is the day when Noah left the Ark on Mount Nemrut and descended to the Sürmeli Gap. According to the Tahtacı people of Narlıdere, Nevruz is the day when Ali was born. The days of summer begin with Nevruz. God, it is said, made the summer days long so that long jobs could be completed, and winter days short so that there should be enough food to go round. The people of Tahtacı also believe that Ali was born on a Friday. In many parts of Anatolia, as winter gives way to summer, certain periods, one month apart, are termed nines, sevens, fives, threes and ones. These days begin with the nines in Gaziantep: the sevens are in the three weeks at the end of January and early February, the fives are in the end of February and three weeks of March, the threes are at the end of March and the first week of April, and the ones at the end of April and the first weeks May. These numbers show how many days remain until the new moon. This tradition of popular Turkish calendars appears in an Arabic-Turkish dictionary of 1551, where Kanun-I evvel (December) ‘s referred to as the nines. The division of the year is also linked to the stars. The Pleiades appear in early November, and disappear in May. Swearing Words intended to abuse someone else. Words used to reject fundamental religious beliefs, such as the existence of God. Nicknames REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE GIVEN NICKNAMES Nicknames are symbols by which it is easier to recognize and distinguish people living in the same community. Women’s names are generally composed of words that are soft, melodious and pleasing to the ear. Men’s are generally harder, more in keeping with the male character. They tend to represent strength, more appropriate to men’s lifestyle. Nicknames emerge as a clarification of peoples’ origins. Other factors giving rise to nicknames can be occupation, idleness, industriousness, ethnic origin, home town, feelings of envy, physical characteristics, attitude to the community, or a link to the family’s past. Examples of such nicknames from all over Turkey can be listed as follows: The Sons of Acar:
Refers to all members of the same family descended from ‘Acar.’ (kultur.gov.tr) |